- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the works authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journals published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Preschoolers’ Questioning Strategies in Classroom Interactions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i2.785Keywords:
questions, questioning strategy, preschoolers, classroom interactionAbstract
Preschoolers often actively participate in conversations by questioning, which come in many forms and serve many functions. This article aims to identify the forms and functions of the questions that preschoolers ask during classroom interactions with their peers and teachers. The research was a qualitative research involving eighteen preschoolers and two teachers. Data were collected by audio-visually recording the questions expressed by the preschoolers during classroom interactions. Their forms and functions were then identified. The findings show that preschoolers mostly use Wh-Questions for both information and non-information seeking, while other forms are mainly for asking for a clarification or confirmation. The employment of these questioning strategies signifies that preschoolers already have the capability of matching the forms of their questions with their functions in order that they can build a complete picture and understanding of the world around them by eliciting, collecting, and synthesizing information from their peers and teachers.Downloads Statistics
References
Alwi, H., Dardjowidjojo, S., Moeliono, A. M., & Lapoliwa, H. (2010). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (3rd ed.). Pusat Bahasa dan Balai Pustaka.
Amalia, A. R., & Devanti, Y. M. (2016). The use of questioning strategy to improve students’ reading comprehension. Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching, 01(2), 81–88.
Batson-Magnuson, L. (2017). An analysis of the relationship between phonological and nonphonological language and early reading development. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 38(2), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740116644891
Bova, A., & Arcidiacono, F. (2013). Investigating children’s Why-questions: A study comparing argumentative and explanatory function. Discourse Studies, 15(6), 713–734. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445613490013
Bryant, J. B. (2009). Pragmatic development. In E. L. Bavin (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Child Language. Cambridge University Press.
Carlsen, W. S. (1991). Questioning in Classrooms: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Review of Educational Research, 61(2), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543061002157
Casillas, M. (2014). Turn-taking. In D. Matthews (Ed.), Pragmatic Development in First Language Acquisition (pp. 53–70). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/tilar.10.04cas
Chouinard, M. M. (2007). Children’s questions: A mechanism for cognitive development. In Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (Vol. 72, Issue 1, pp. 1–121). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2007.00413.x
Clark, E. V. (2008). Pragmatics and Language Acquisition. In L. R. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.), The Handbook of Pragmatics (pp. 562–577). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756959.ch25
Cowie, H. (2013). From Birth to Sixteen. In From Birth to Sixteen. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203126356
Ehrlich, S., & Freed, A. F. (2010). The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse. In A. F. Freed & S. Ehrlich (Eds.), Why Do You Ask?: The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse (pp. 1–24). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306897.003.0001
Fiano, D. A. (2014). Primary discourse and expressive oral language in a kindergarten student. Reading Research Quarterly, 49(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.64
Gauvain, M., Munroe, R. L., & Beebe, H. (2013). Children’s questions in cross-cultural perspective: A four-culture study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(7), 1148–1165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113485430
Glaubman, R., Glaubman, H., & Ofir, L. (1997). Effects of self-directed learning, story comprehension, and self-questioning in kindergarten. The Journal of Educational Research, 90(6), 361–374.
Heritage, J. (2002). The limits of questioning: negative interrogatives and hostile question content. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 1427–1446.
Kail, R. V. (2011). Children and their development (6th Edition). In Children and their Development (6th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Lindfors, J. W. (1980). Children’s Language and Learning. Prentice-Hall.
Lindfors, J. W. (1999). Children’s Inquiry: Using Language to Make Sense of the World. Teachers College Press.
Lust, B. C. (2006). Child language: Acquisition and growth. In Child Language: Acquisition and Growth. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803413
MacRoy-Higgins, M., & Kliment, S. (2017). Pragmatic functions in late talkers: A 1-year follow-up study. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 38(2), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740115627344
Mitchell, A. M., & Brady, S. A. (2013). The effect of vocabulary knowledge on novel word identification. Annals of Dyslexia, 63(3), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s
Neaum, S. (2010). Child Development for Early Childhood Studies. Learning Matters Ltd.
Negen, J., & Sarnecka, B. W. (2012). Number-concept acquisition and general vocabulary development. Child Development, 83(6), 2019–2027. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.l467-8624.2012.01815.x
O’Grady, W. (2005). How children learn language. In How Children Learn Language. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791192
Oller, D. K., Buder, E. H., Ramsdell, H. L., Warlaumont, A. S., Chorna, L., & Bakeman, R. (2013). Functional flexibility of infant vocalization and the emergence of language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(16), 6318–6323. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300337110
Olsson, L. M. (2013). Taking Children’s Questions Seriously: The Need for Creative Thought. Global Studies of Childhood, 3(3), 230–253. https://doi.org/10.2304/gsch.2013.3.3.230
Owens, R. E. (2012). Language Development: An Introduction (8th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Pandean, M. L. M. (2018). Kalimat tanya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Kajian Linguistik, 5(3), 75–88.
Rakoczy, H., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Done wrong or said wrong? Young children understand the normative directions of fit of different speech acts. Cognition, 113(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.07.013
Raymond, G. (2010). Grammar and social relations: alternative forms of yes/no-type initiating actions in health visitor interactions. In A. F. Freed & S. Ehrlich (Eds.), Why do you ask? The function of questions in institutional discourse (pp. 87–107). Oxford University Press.
Rohmah, Z., Yulianto, B., & Mintowati, M. (2019). Pemerolehan kalimat tanya bahasa Indonesia anak prasekolah usia 5-6 Tahun. Belajar Bahasa, 4(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/bb.v4i2.2122 Diterima:
Rowland, C. F. (2007). Explaining errors in children’s questions. Cognition, 104, 106–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.05.011
Santos, M. E., Lynce, S., Carvalho, S., Cacela, M., & Mineiro, A. (2015). Mean length of utterance-words in children with typical language development. Revista CEFAC, 17(4), 1143–1151. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620151741315
Santrock, J. W. (2011). Child Development: An Introduction (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Setyadi, A. (2018). Pemakaian Partikel kah dalam Kalimat Tanya. Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Dan Sastra, 13(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.14710/nusa.13.2.231-243
Sidnell, J. (2010a). Questioning repeats in the talk of four-year-old children. In H. Gardner & M. Forrester (Eds.), Analysing Interactions in Childhood: Insights from Conversation Analysis (pp. 103–127). Wiley-Blackwell.
Sidnell, J. (2010b). The design and positioning of questions in inquiry testimony. In A. F. Freed & S. Ehrlich (Eds.), Why Do You Ask?: The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse (pp. 20–41). Oxford University Press.
Solehuddin, M., Gunawan, W., & Kurniawan, E. (2019). Kindergartners’ morphological awareness, its instruction and guidance in the Indonesian context. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9il.16887
Sorsana, C., Guizard, N., & Trognon, A. (2013). Preschool children’s conversational skills for explaining game rules: communicative guidance strategies as a function of type of relationship and gender. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(4), 1453–1475. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0212-013-0175-4
Steensig, J., & Drew, P. (2008). Introduction: Questioning and affiliation/ disaffiliation in interaction. In Discourse Studies (Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 5–15). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445607085581
Stemberger, J. P. (2014). Perseveration and speech errors in child language production. In Encyclopedia of Language Development (pp. 440–441). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Sunggingwati, D., & Nguyen, H. T. M. (2013). Teachers’ questioning in reading lessons: A case study in Indonesia. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 10(1), 80–95.
Tracy, K., & Robles, J. (2009). Questions, questioning, and institutional practices: An introduction. In Discourse Studies (Vol. 11, Issue 2, pp. 131–152). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445608100941
Valian, V., & Casey, L. (2003). Young children’s acquisition of wh-questions: The role of structured input. Journal of Child Language, 30(01), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000902005457
Wagner, L., Greene-Havas, M., & Gillespie, R. (2010). Development in children’s comprehension of linguistic register. Child Development, 81(6), 1678–1686.
Weber, E. G. (1993). Varieties of Questions in English Conversation (Vol. 3). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/sidag.3
Yang, C. (2016). The Price of Linguistic Productivity: How Children Learn to Break the Rules of Language. The MIT Press.
Zaim, M. (1998). The Acquisition of Questions by Indonesian Adult Learners of English (Issue October). University of Tasmania at Launceston.

