- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the works authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journals published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Child Maltreatment Protection : A Comparative Analysis with the United Kingdom and United States in Addressing OCSEA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v9i5.7351Keywords:
OCSEA, Child Protection, Violence/Exploitation, Digital LiteracyAbstract
The development of digital technology, particularly social media, has had a significant impact on children's lives. The digital world has become a new platform for crime, particularly online sexual exploitation and abuse of children (OCSEA). This study focuses on identifying the role of families and regulations in supporting children's digital world, as well as evaluating regulations as a preventive measure to prevent behavioral deviations and violence. A multidisciplinary approach between psychology and law, using qualitative research methods through legal analysis and literature review. The study findings indicate that active users of digital media among children and adolescents experience psychological changes when spending their daily time online to access information, entertainment, communication, and even pornographic content using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Legal violations such as sextortion, cyberbullying, misuse of personal data, grooming, and child trafficking through digital platforms are on the rise, making the protection of children from exploitation in the digital world a critical issue. International regulations include the UNCRC, ICCPR, and Indonesia through Law Number. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection; (2) Law Number. 19 of 2016 on Electronic Information and Transactions are not yet effective enough to address the social phenomena of gender inequality and violence when compared to child protection efforts in countries such as the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom, which have more inclusive regulations.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdullayeva, F. J., & Ojagverdiyeva, S. S. (2021). Multicriteria decision making using analytic hierarchy process for child protection from malicious content on the internet. International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.5815/IJCNIS.2021.03.05
Anggreni, L. S., Prajarto, N., & Kurnia, N. (2023). Digital Literacy Skills Against Children’s Personal Data Protection on Social Media. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v8i1.767
Aufizzahra As Syafiyah, A., & Primanita, R. Y. (2024). The dynamics of parent-child relationship with online game addicts. Trend: International Journal of Trends in Global Psychological Science and Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.62260/intrend.v2i1.116
Bergmann, J., Alban Conto, C., & Brossard, M. (2022). Increasing women’s representation in school leadership: A promising path towards improving learning. World Bank.
Bernike, D., & Andersen, C. (2023). Presence of Age Restrictions for Children to Have Social Media Accounts in Law Number 27 of 2022 Concerning Personal Data Protection. Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.24815/jr.v6i1.29208
Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Di Mauro, A., Di Stefano, A. V., Caruso, C., Corsello, G., & Staiano, A. (2022). The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960
Briere, J., Runtz, M., & Rodd, K. (2024). Child and Adolescent Exposure to Sexual Harassment: Relationship to Gender, Contact Sexual Abuse, and Adult Psychological Symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(13–14). https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231225524
D’Alberton, F., & Scardovi, A. (2021). Children Exposed to Pornographic Images on the Internet: General and Specific Aspects in a Psychoanalytic Perspective. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 74(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.2020.1859277
Deepthi Kumari, R. A. D., & Jayathilaka, S. S. R. (2022). Impact of Parent’s Satisfaction on Children’s Online Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v10i3.4489
Dewi Anggraeny, K., Nugroho Ramadhan, D., Sugiharto, G., Khakim, M., & Ali, M. (2023). Cyber Child Grooming on Social Media: Understanding the Factors and Finding the Modus Operandi. International Journal of Law and Politics Studies, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2023.5.1.21
D’Lima, P., & Higgins, A. (2021). Social media engagement and Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) in primary school children. Educational Psychology in Practice, 37(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2021.1947200
Febriyana, A., & Gusnita, C. (2023). Child Grooming Approach Model of Offenders toward Children on Social Media. Martabat: Jurnal Perempuan Dan Anak, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.21274/martabat.2023.7.1.67-82
Garon-Bissonnette, J., Duguay, G., Lemieux, R., Dubois-Comtois, K., & Berthelot, N. (2022). Maternal childhood abuse and neglect predicts offspring development in early childhood: The roles of reflective functioning and child sex. Child Abuse and Neglect, 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105030
Gruber, M., Höfig, C., Golla, M., Urban, T., & Große-Kampmann, M. (2022). “We may share the number of diaper changes”: A Privacy and Security Analysis of Mobile Child Care Applications. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2022(3). https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022-0078
Haque, A. B., Islam, A. K. M. N., Hyrynsalmi, S., Naqvi, B., & Smolander, K. (2021). GDPR compliant blockchains-a systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 9. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069877
Hernandez, S. C. L. S., Lacsina, A. C., Ylade, M. C., Aldaba, J., Lam, H. Y., Estacio, L. R., & Lopez, A. L. (2018). Sexual exploitation and abuse of children online in the Philippines: A review of online news and articles. Acta Medica Philippina, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v52i4.352
Hinojo-Lucena, F. J., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, M. P., Trujillo-Torres, J. M., & Romero-Rodríguez, J. M. (2020). Sharenting: Internet addiction, self-control and online photos of underage children. Comunicar, 28(64). https://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-09
Iskül, A. M., & Joamets, K. (2021). Child Right to Privacy and Social Media - Personal Information Oversharing Parents. Baltic Journal of Law and Politics, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2021-0012
Kara, A., & Min, M. K. (2024). Gen Z consumers’ sustainable consumption behaviors: influencers and moderators. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-08-2022-0263
Kaylor, L. E., Winters, G. M., Jeglic, E. L., & Cilli, J. (2023). An analysis of child sexual grooming legislation in the United States. Psychology, Crime and Law, 29(9). https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043313
Kim, H. R. (2023). The Current State and Legal Issues of Online Crimes Related to Children and Adolescents. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(4). https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.230049
Lathifah Az Zuharah, L. A. Z., & Tunggali, A. P. P. W. (2022). Motives For Using Reels Instagram Social Media Among Children. COMMICAST, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.12928/commicast.v3i2.5807
Lee, I. S., & Jeon, J. H. (2021). Influence of Parenting Efficacy, Parenting Stress, and Acculturation Stress on Parent-child Relations Among North Korean Refugee Mothers. Child Health Nursing Research, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.2.171
Ma, J., Tojib, D., & Tsarenko, Y. (2022). Sex Robots: Are We Ready for Them? An Exploration of the Psychological Mechanisms Underlying People’s Receptiveness of Sex Robots. Journal of Business Ethics, 178(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05059-4
Macenaite, M. (2017). From universal towards child-specific protection of the right to privacy online: Dilemmas in the EU General Data Protection Regulation. New Media and Society, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686327
Macenaite, M., & Kosta, E. (2017). Consent for processing children’s personal data in the EU: following in US footsteps? Information and Communications Technology Law, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2017.1321096
Mansour, S. B., Shahpo, S. M., Al-Harthy, A. A., Almaghrabi, S. A., Alrasheedi, A. K., Almarri, A. R., Alharbi, K. K., Alkhaldi, F. M., & Alzuabi, W. A. (2024). The Effectiveness of E-Mentoring Program to Develop Mothers’ Awareness of Protecting their Children from Sexual Harassment in Kindergarten. Journal of Statistics Applications and Probability, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.18576/jsap/130127
Mesce, M., Ragona, A., Cimino, S., & Cerniglia, L. (2022). The impact of media on children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. Heliyon, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12489
Milkaite, I., De Wolf, R., Lievens, E., Leyn, T. De, & Martens, M. (2021). Children’s reflections on privacy and the protection of their personal data: A child-centric approach to data protection information formats. Children and Youth Services Review, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106170
Moran, R. E., & Prochaska, S. (2023). Misinformation or activism?: analyzing networked moral panic through an exploration of #SaveTheChildren. Information Communication and Society, 26(16). https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2146986
Moser, C., Chen, T., & Schoenebeck, S. Y. (2017). Parents’ and children’s preferences about parents sharing about children on social media. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2017-May. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025587
Murray, S. (2018). Safeguarding children and young people in the online environment: Safeguarding implications in respect of sexting and associated online behaviour. Journal of Nursing Research and Practice, 2(2).
Musofiana, I., Sudarmaji, A., & Maerani, I. A. (2020). Aspects of Legal Protection for Children From Cybercrime. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.26532/jph.v7i3.12820
Nafi’ah, H., & Hasna, A. N. (2020). Comparative Study of Children’s Personal Data Protection Regulation on COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act) and Children and GDPR. Khazanah: Jurnal Mahasiswa, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.20885/khazanah.vol12.iss2.art64
Ndari, S. S., Masykuroh, K., Vinayastri, A., & Kibitiah, K. (2021). Use of Digital Media for Sex Education in Early Childhood with Low-Income Parents. Madrosatuna: Journal of Islamic Elementary School, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.21070/madrosatuna.v5i1.1387
Nguyen, T. T. P., Nguyen, T. T., Do, H. N., Vu, T. B. T., Vu, K. L., Do, H. M., Nguyen, N. T. T., Doan, L. P., Vu, G. T., Do, H. T., Nguyen, S. H., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2022). Parent–Child Relationship Quality and Internet Use in a Developing Country: Adolescents’ Perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847278
O’Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K., Mulligan, D. A., Altmann, T. R., Brown, A., Christakis, D. A., Falik, H. L., Hill, D. L., Hogan, M. J., Levine, A. E., & Nelson, K. G. (2011). Clinical report - The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054
O’Malley, R. L., Holt, K., Holt, T. J., & Rodriguez, J. (2023). Minor-focused sextortion by adult strangers: A crime script analysis of newspaper and court cases. Criminology and Public Policy, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12634
Rahmatika, A. V. (2021). Violence on Women and Children: Background, Effects, and Solutions. Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v1i1.49840
Ramadhani, R. F., Iswinarti, I., & Zulfiana, U. (2019). Pelatihan kontrol diri untuk mengurangi kecenderungan internet gaming disorder pada anak usia sekolah. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v7i1.7837
Ravetllat Ballesté, I., & Basoalto Riveros, C. (2021). The protection of personal data of children and adolescents: Answers from the chilean legal order. Estudios Constitucionales, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52002021000100111
Renner, L. M., Driessen, M. C., & Lewis-Dmello, A. (2022). An Evaluation of a Parent Group for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00270-9
Rodríguez, R. C., & Zenteno, C. S. (2022). The crime of child pornographic material production in Chile. Special attention to the legal interest and some concurrency of law problems. Revista de La Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas, 52(137). https://doi.org/10.18566/rfdcp.v52n137.a05
Santana-Vega, L. E., Gómez-Muñoz, A. M., & Feliciano-García, L. (2019). Adolescents problematic mobile phone use, Fear of Missing Out and family communication. Comunicar, 27(59). https://doi.org/10.3916/C59-2019-04
Sarikoudi, G., & Apostolidou, A. (2020). Parenting and education: The example of refugee parents in Greece. Refuge, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40629
SAYID MUHAMMAD RIFKI NOVAL, T. et al. (2023). The fusion of blockchain, pornography and human trafficking in a global digital dragnet that forms the online child sex trafficking. Russian Law Journal, 11(5s). https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i5s.891
Sihabudin. (2023). Expanding the Limitations of the Protection and Processing of Children’s Personal Data: An Overview of Current Regulations, Challenges, and Recommendations. Brawijaya Law Journal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2023.010.01.04
Sofian, A., Pratama, B., Pratomo, F. C. P., & Capaldi, M. P. (2021). A Brief Review: Children Online Privacy Protection in Indonesia. Advances in Social Science and Culture, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.22158/assc.v3n3p12
Ståhl, S., & Dennhag, I. (2021). Online and offline sexual harassment associations of anxiety and depression in an adolescent sample. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 75(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2020.1856924
Streuli, J. C., Vayena, E., Cavicchia-Balmer, Y., & Huber, J. (2013). Shaping parents: Impact of contrasting professional counseling on parents’ decision making for children with disorders of sex development. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12214
Suryaningsi, S. (2016). Pengoptimalisasian Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Sebagai Upaya Memperkuat Semangat Nasionalisme. Developing Education Based On Nationalism Values The Proceeding of International Seminar: Building Education Based on Nationalism Values, 1(1).
Szymkowiak, A., Melovi?, B., Dabi?, M., Jeganathan, K., & Kundi, G. S. (2021). Information technology and Gen Z: The role of teachers, the internet, and technology in the education of young people. Technology in Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101565
Thompson, J., Spencer, G., & Curtis, P. (2021). Children’s perspectives and experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and UK public health measures. Health Expectations, 24(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13350
Van Der Hof, S., Lievens, E., Milkaite, I., Verdoodt, V., Hannema, T., & Liefaard, T. (2020). The Child’s Right to Protection against Economic Exploitation in the Digital World. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-28040003
Wahyuningrum, E., Marlinda, E., & Ina, A. A. (2020). Relationship Between Duration Of Playing Online Games With Eye Vision In School Age Children. Journal of Nursing Science Update (JNSU), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jik.2020.008.02.2
Wang, Y., Li, T., Peng, C., & Wu, H. (2024). Parental Attachment and Fear of Missing Out among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02778-8
Wen, X., & Li, Z. (2022). Impact of Social Support Ecosystem on Academic Performance of Children From Low-Income Families: A Moderated Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.710441
Widyaningsih, T., & Suryaningsi, S. (2022). Kajian Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Data Pribadi Digital Anak Sebagai Hak Atas Privasi di Indonesia. Nomos: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.56393/nomos.v1i5.582
Winters, G. M., & Jeglic, E. L. (2022). The Sexual Grooming Scale–Victim Version: The Development and Pilot Testing of a Measure to Assess the Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Grooming. Victims and Offenders, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2021.1974994
Zhu, X., Deng, C., & Bai, W. (2023). Parental control and adolescent internet addiction: the moderating effect of parent-child relationships. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190534
Downloads
Published
30-08-2025
How to Cite
Sasono, S., Septiano, F. A. B., & Putri, D. K. (2025). Child Maltreatment Protection : A Comparative Analysis with the United Kingdom and United States in Addressing OCSEA. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 9(5), 2083–2098. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v9i5.7351
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Satryo Sasono, Fatih Afrisal Bagus Septiano, Delasari Krisda Putri (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
